555 Timer as an Astable Multivibrator

An astable multivibrator, often called a free-running multivibrator, is a rectan­gular-wave generating cir­cuit. Unlike the monostable multivibrator, this circuit does not require any ex­ternal trigger to change the state of the output, hence the name free-running. Before going to make the circuit, make sure your 555 IC is working. For that go through the article: How to test a 555 IC for working An astable multivibrator can be produced by adding resistors and a capacitor to the basic timer IC, as illustrated in figure. The timing during which the output is either high or low is determined by the externally connected two resistors and a capacitor. The details of the astable multivibrator circuit are given below.

555-Astable-Multivibrator

Take a look @ 555 Ic Pin configuration and 555 block diagram before reading further.

Pin 1 is grounded; pins 4 and 8 are shorted and then tied to supply +Vcc, output (V_OUT is taken form pin 3; pin 2 and 6 are shorted and the connected to ground through capacitor C, pin 7 is connected to supply + V_CC through a resistor R_A; and between pin 6 and 7 a resistor R_B is connected. At pin 5 either a bypass capacitor of 0.01  F is connected or modulation input is applied.

Astable Multivibrator Operation

For explaining the operation of the timer 555 as an astable multivibrator, necessary internal circuitry with external connections are shown in figure.

Astable-Multivibrator-Operation

In figure, when Q is low or output V_OUT is high, the discharging transistor is cut-­off and the capacitor C begins charging toward V_CC through resistances R_A and R_B. Because of this, the charging time constant is (R_A + R_B) C. Eventually, the threshold voltage exceeds +2/3 V_CC, the comparator 1 has a high output and triggers the flip-flop so that its Q is high and the timer output is low. With Q high, the discharge transistor saturates and pin 7 grounds so that the capacitor C discharges through resistance R_B with a discharging time constant R_B C. With the discharging of capacitor, trigger voltage at inverting input of comparator 2 decreases. When it drops below 1/3V_CC, the output of comparator 2 goes high and this reset the flip-flop so that Q is low and the timer output is high. This proves the auto-transition in output from low to high and then to low as, illustrated in fig ures. Thus the cycle repeats.

Astable Multivibrator using 555 IC -Design method

The time during which the capacitor C charges from 1/3 V_CC to 2/3 V_CC is equal to the time the output is high and is given as t_c or T_HIGH = 0.693 (R_A + R_B) C, which is proved below.

Voltage across the capacitor at any instant during charging period is given as,v_c=V_CC(1-e^t/RC)

The time taken by the capacitor to charge from 0 to +1/3 V_CC

_{1/3 VCC ⁼ VCC (1-e^t/RC)}

The time taken by the capacitor to charge from 0 to +2/3 V_CC

or t₂ = RC log_e 3 = 1.0986 RC

So the time taken by the capacitor to charge from +1/3 V_CC to +2/3 V_CC

t_c = (t₂ – t₁) =  (10986 – 0.405) RC = 0.693 RC

Substituting R = (R_A + R_B) in above equation we have

T_HIGH = t_c = 0.693 (R_A + R_B) C

where R_A and R_B are in ohms and C is in farads.

The time during which the capacitor discharges from +2/3 V_CC to +1/3 V_CC is equal to

the time the output is low and is given as

t_d or  T_L0W = 0.693 R_B C where R_B is in ohms and C is in farads The above equation is worked out as follows: Voltage across the capacitor at any instant during discharging period is given as

v_c = 2/3 V_CC e^- t_d/ R_BC

Substituting v_c = 1/3 V_CC and t = t_d in above equation we have

+1/3 V_CC = +2/3 V_CC e^- t_d/ R_BC

Or  t_d = 0.693 R_BC

Overall period of oscillations, T = T_HIGH + T_LOW = 0.693 (R_A+ 2R_B) C , The frequency of oscillations being the reciprocal of the overall period  of oscillations T is given as

f = 1/T = 1.44/ (R_A+ 2R_B)C

Equation indicates that the frequency of oscillation / is independent of the collector supply voltage +V_CC.

Often the term duty cycle is used in conjunction with the astable multivibrator.

The duty cycle, the ratio of the time t_c during which the output is high to the total time period T is given as

% duty cycle, D = t_c / T * 100 = (R_A + R_B) / (R_A + 2R_B) * 100

From the above equation it is obvious that square wave (50 % duty cycle) output can not be obtained unless R_A is made zero. However, there is a danger in shorting resistance R_A to zero. With R_A = 0 ohm, terminal 7 is directly connected to + V_CC. During the discharging of capacitor through R_B and transistor, an extra current will be supplied to the transistor from V_CC through a short between pin 7 and +V_CC. It may damage the transistor and hence the timer.

However, a symmetrical square wave can be obtained if a diode is connected across resistor R_B, as illustrated in dotted lines in figure. The capacitor C charges through R_A and diode D to approximately + 2/3V_CC and discharges through resistor R_B and terminal 7 (transistor) until the capacitor voltage drops to 1/3 V_CC. Then the cycle is repeated. To obtain a square wave output, R_A must be a combination of a fixed resistor R and a pot, so that the pot can be adjusted to give the exact square wave.

Although the timer 555 has been used in a wide variety of often unique applications it is very hard on its power supply lines, requiring quite a bit of current, and injecting many noise transients. This noise will often be coupled into adjacent ICs falsely triggering them. The 7555 is a CMOS version of the 555. Its quiescent current requirements are considerably lower than that of 555, and the 7555 does not contaminate the power supply lines. It is pin compatible with the 555. So this CMOS version of the 555 should be the first choice when a 555 timer IC is to be used.